City of God Essay

In The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli cements his reputation as an Italian political theorist who, wicked as he may seem, believed that morality and ethics did not mix well with politics and the mechanisms of power. From this book rose the ever famous line, â€Å"The end justifies the means†, and true enough The Prince had embodied a way of thinking so revolutionary and controversial that for hundreds of years, it had remained the ultimate handbook for political control. This is illustrated very well in Chapter 17, where Machiavelli discusses cruelty and its importance to maintaining power. â€Å"Here the question arises: is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa? I don’t doubt that every prince would like to be both; but since it is hard to accommodate these qualities, if you have to make a choice, to be feared is much safer than to be loved. † This quote easily became emblazoned in the reader’s minds partly because of its cruel approach, which however brutal it may seem, borders on reality and actual truth. In order to get hold of your subjects more, to keep them united and to keep them from revolting against you, Machiavelli relates that it is imperative to be punitive and exacting; to have them live in dread than to easily lose power by being mild and amiable. Fear then is necessary to be able to rule your subjects and keep them under your control. Machiavelli points out that the loyalty gained from fear is much more difficult to lose and therefore any ruler must strive to be feared. Such is the way of Machiavelli’s thinking and this quote becomes testament to his genius. His ideas, though wicked and malevolent, are worth to be considered by any one who desires to gain and control power for they stand out remarkably honest and brutally clever. Saint Augustine, being governed by his beliefs and principles, wrote in a way that he incorporates his vocation to convey and relate to the people what it is that God intends for society. In The City of God, Augustine’s work primarily takes this approach to express his ideas on the workings of an earthly city and how it is needed to be likened to the â€Å"city of God†. This work was primarily written to assuage the doubts and answer the criticisms of the people about the defeat of Rome, which was thought to be protected by God, and therefore, unlikely to fall. Moreover, Augustine heavily inclines his work towards the good and the belief of an omnipotent God and his offering of eternal happiness. In particular, Augustine stresses the importance of peace as an end goal, â€Å"Peace is such a great good that even with respect to earthly and mortal things, nothing is heard with greater pleasure nothing desired more longingly, and in the end, nothing better can be found† Augustine uses theology and the Christian doctrine to relate to the needs of his time and answer the questions that the circumstances had merited. He reiterates that attaining peace is the people’s ultimate purpose, be it heavenly peace or that maintained on earth. He addresses the difficulties that societies face and acknowledges that fact that it is necessary to create and maintain order and bring chaos to its end. Essentially, The City of God, as the quote has clearly embodied, becomes a sort of pacification to the troubles of the people, something Augustine does cleverly well. The City of God remains influential to those it had convinced to believe. Aristotle is arguably one of the famous philosophers who ever lived. As an early proponent of philosophy and critical thinking, his works had been based upon and studied countless times. His theories of state and political association are deemed basic and essential even as others have grown to reject and disprove them through time. One point he made when discussing about politics is the necessity for a man to not be isolated and completely independent of others. He relates, â€Å"The man who is isolated, who is unable to share in the benefits of political association, or has no need to share because he is already self-sufficient, is no part of the city, and must therefore be either a beast or god† In the creation of a polis or city-state, it is inevitable that men grow to need each other. Each individual member of a city is dependent on the other as well as on the entire association taken as a whole. Aristotle argues that a man cut off from society, being not part of it, is like a God with such great power, or an unworthy beast which has really no care at all. With this comes to mind the popular saying that, â€Å"No man is an island. † This stays true up to now and is one of the foundations of the principles of society. In building a state, the fundamental theory is important and highlighted — that of its citizens being one with the state, growing and developing with it and them associating with each and every member of the state. From this, the concept of organization is emphasized and the primary building blocks of a state is laid out and achieved.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 23

That night, though, the embrace did end, and I fell into a black, dreamless sleep. But my mind and body jerked into sudden wakefulness when I heard a sharp clanging sound that seemed to reverberate through my limbs. â€Å"Murderers!† â€Å"Killers!† â€Å"Demons!† The words floated through the open window, chant-like. I crept to the window and creaked open the shutter. Outside, across the pond, there were flashes of fire, and I even heard the sound of rifles firing. Dark bodies moved en masse, like a swarm of locusts descending upon a cotton field. â€Å"Vampires! Killers!† I began to make out more and more words from the angry roar of the crowd. There had to be at least fifty men in attendance. Fifty drunken, angry, murderous men. I grabbed Katherine's shoulder and began shaking her hard. â€Å"Wake up!† I whispered urgently. She sat up with a start. The whites of her eyes looked huge, and there were shadows beneath her eye sockets. â€Å"What is it? Is everything okay?† Her fingers fluttered to her necklace. â€Å"No, it's not okay,† I whispered. â€Å"The brigade is out. They're searching for vampires. They're on the main road right now.† I pointed out the window. The yelling and shouts were getting closer. The fire blazed in the night, flames reaching toward the night sky like red daggers. Fear shot through me. This wasn't supposed to be happening–not yet. Katherine slipped out of bed, tucking the white quilt around her body, and closed the shutters with a bang. â€Å"Y father,† she said, her voice hard. our I shook my head. It couldn't be. â€Å"The siege is set for next week, and Father is not the type to deviate from an established plan.† â€Å"Stefan!† Katherine said sharply. â€Å"Y ou promised you would do something. Y have to ou stop this. These men don't know what they're fighting, and they don't know how dangerous this is. If they keep doing this, people will get hurt.† â€Å"Dangerous?† I asked, rubbing my temple. I suddenly had a pounding headache. The shouting grew quieter now; it seemed the mob was pressing forward–or perhaps dispersing. I wondered if this was more a protest spurred by liquid courage than an actual siege. â€Å"Not from me, but from whoever has launched these attacks.† Katherine's eyes met mine. â€Å"If the townspeople know what's safe for them, what's best for them, they'd stop the hunt. They'd allow us to resolve things. They'd allow us to find the source of the attacks.† I sat on the edge of the bed and rested my elbows against my knees, staring down at the worn wooden floorboards in dismay, as if I could find some sort of answer, some sort of way to stop what already seemed to be happening. Katherine took my face in her hands. â€Å"I am entirely at your mercy. I need you to protect me. Please, Stefan.† â€Å"I know, Katherine!† I said half-hysterically. â€Å"But what if it's too late? They have the brigade, they have their suspicions, they even have an invention designed to find vampires.† â€Å"What?† Katherine reared back. â€Å"An invention? Y didn't tell me that,† she said, her voice taking ou on a note of accusation. A hard lump settled in my chest as I explained Jonathan's device. How had I failed to mention it to Katherine? Would she ever forgive me? â€Å"Jonathan Gilbert.† Katherine's face twisted in contempt. â€Å"So that fool thinks he can just hunt us down? Like animals?† I recoiled. I'd never heard Katherine use that harsh tone. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Katherine said in a more composed voice, as if she'd sensed the flicker of fear in my heart. â€Å"I'm sorry. It's just †¦ you simply can't imagine what it's like to be hunted.† â€Å"The voices seem to be quieting.† I peeked through the shutters. The mob was indeed beginning to disperse, the flames becoming shaky dots in the inky black night. The danger was seemingly gone. For now at least. But by next week, they'd have Jonathan's invention. They'd have a list of vampires. And they'd find every single last one of them. â€Å"Thank goodness.† Katherine sank down onto the bed, pale as I'd ever seen her. A lone tear fell from her eye and trickled down her alabaster skin. I reached to wipe it away with my index finger, then gently touched my tongue to my skin, an echo of what I'd done at the Founders Ball. I sucked my finger, finding that her tears tasted salty. Human. I pulled her to me, wrapping her in a tight embrace. I'm not sure how long we sat there, together. But as the faint light of the morning came through the windows, I stood up. â€Å"I will stop it, Katherine. I will protect you to the death. I swear it.†

The History Of Concrete In The Building Industry Construction Essay

Throughout history, the usage of concrete as a edifice stuff has contributed significantly to the built environment. Digesting illustrations of assorted signifiers of concrete can be found as far back as the early Egyptian civilization. Significant edifice leftovers still exist from the Roman civilisation, which used concretes made from of course happening volcanic ash pozzolans, assorted with H2O, sand and rock. Now concrete is being used in the building of lasting Bridgess, roads, H2O supply, infirmaries, churches, houses and commercial edifices, to give people a societal foundation, a booming economic system, and serviceable installations for many old ages. In the modern epoch, the belongingss of concrete were refined in the late 1800s, with the debut of a patented fabrication procedure for Portland cement. While it has ancient roots, concrete, as we know it today, is a modern and extremely advanced constructing stuff. In the last 150 old ages, concrete has become one of the most widely used edifice stuffs on Earth. Figure. Tranditional tools used for concrete commixture.Problem StatementConcrete is one of the most widely used building stuffs in the universe. However, the production of Portland cement, an indispensable stuff in concrete, leads to the release of important sum of CO2, a nursery gas. One ton of Portland cement cinder production is said to creates about one ton of CO2 and other nursery gases. Environmental issues are playing an of import function in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry. For illustration, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to go on in some topographic points, so we can non bring forth Portland cement ; and, hence, we can non bring forth concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire environmental impact during its full life rhythm is minimum. Concrete is a sustainable stuff because it has a really low built-in energy demand and is produced to order as needed with really small waste. It is made from some of the most plentiful resources on Earth and has a really high thermic mass. It can be made with recycled stuffs and is wholly reclaimable. Sustainable design and building of constructions have a little impact on the environment. Use of â€Å" green † stuffs embodies low energy costs. Their usage must hold high lastingness and low care taking to sustainable building stuffs. High public presentation cements and concrete can cut down the sum of cementitious stuffs and entire volume of concrete required. Concrete must maintain germinating to fulfill the increasing demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial by-products in concrete is necessary to bring forth even â€Å" greener † concrete. â€Å" Greener † concrete besides improves air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and concrete industry.What is Sustainable Concrete?Concrete is a really environmentally friendly stuff. Concrete has been used for over 2,000 old ages. Concrete is best known for its durable and rel iable nature. However, extra ways that concrete contributes to societal advancement, economic growing, and environmental protection are frequently overlooked. Concrete constructions are superior in energy public presentation. They provide flexibleness in design every bit good as affordability, and are environmentally more responsible than steel or aluminium constructions. Entire geographical parts are running out of limestone resource to bring forth cement. Major metropolitan countries are running out of beginnings of sums for doing concrete. Sustainability requires that applied scientists consider a edifice ‘s â€Å" lifecycle † cost extended over the utile life-time. This includes the edifice building, care, destruction, and recycling [ ACI 2004 ] . A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire social impact during its full life rhythm, including during its usage, is minimum. Planing for sustainability means accounting in the design and besides the short-run and long-run effects of the social impact. Therefore, lastingness is the cardinal issue. New coevals of admixtures/additives are needed to better lastingness. To construct in a sustainable mode and behavior scheduled & amp ; appropriate edifice care are the keys that represent the â€Å" new building political orientation † of this coevals. In peculiar, to construct in a sustainable mode means to concentrate attending on physical, environmental, and technological resources, jobs related to human wellness, energy preservation of new and existing edifices, and control of building engineerings and methods.Environmental Issues with ConcreteThe production of Portland cement releases CO2 and other nursery gases ( GHGs ) into the ambiance. Entire CO2 emanations worldwide were 21 billion dozenss in 2002, Table 1. Table. CO2 emanations by industrialised states in 2002 [ Malhorta 2004 ] . State Percentage CO2 Emissions USA 25 Europe 20 Soviet union 17 Japan 8 China & gt ; 15 India & gt ; 10 Environmental issues associated with the CO2 emanations from the production of Portland cement, energy demand ( six-million BTU of energy needed per ton of cement production ) , resource preservation consideration, and economic impact due to the high cost of Portland cement fabrication workss demand that auxiliary cementing stuffs in general and fly ash in peculiar be used in increasing measures to replace Portland cement in concrete [ Malhotra 1997, 2004 ] . Fly ash is a byproduct of the burning of powdered coal in thermic power workss. The dust aggregation system removes the fly ash, as a all right particulate residue from the burning gases before they are discharged in the ambiance. For each ton of Portland cement cinder, 3 to 20 pound. of NOx are released into the ambiance. In 2000, the world-wide cement cinder production was about 1.6 billion dozenss [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Longer enduring concrete constructions cut down energy demands for care and Reconstruction. Concrete is a loca lly available stuff ; hence, transit cost to the undertaking site is reduced. Light colored concrete walls cut down interior lighting demands. Permeable concrete paving and meshing concrete pavers can be used to cut down overflow and let H2O to return to the H2O tabular array. Therefore, concrete is, in many ways, environmentally friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must utilize more of it [ Malhotra 2004 ] . In position of the energy and nursery gas emanation concerns in the fabrication of Portland cement, it is imperative that either new environmentally friendly cement-manufacturing engineerings be developed or utility stuffs be found to replace a major portion of the Portland cement for usage in the concrete industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Energy ingestion is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Cement production is one of the most energy intensifier of all industrial fabrication procedures. Including direct fuel usage for excavation and transporting natural stuffs, cement production takes about six million BTU ‘s for every ton of cement. The industry ‘s heavy trust on coal leads to particularly high emanation degrees of CO2, azotic oxide, and sulfurs, among other pollutants. A ample part of the electricity used is besides generated from coal.What types of stuffs are being used to do sustainable concrete?Coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) It is of import to develop recycling engineering for high-volume applications of coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) generated by utilizing both conventional and clean-coal engineerings. Many different types of CCPs are produced ; for illustration, wing ash, bottom ash, cyclone-boiler scoria, and clean coal ash. In general some of these CCPs can be used as a auxiliary cementitious stuffs and the usage of Portland cement, hence, can be reduced. The production of CCPs in USA is about 120 million dozenss per twelvemonth in 2004. Cyclone-boiler scoria is 100 % recycled. Overall recycling rate of all CCPs is approximately 40 % . Figure. Fly ash is a by-product of coal firing power workss. Today ‘s usage of other pozzolans, such as rice-husk ash, wood ash, GGBFS, silicon oxide smoke, and other similar pozzolanic stuffs such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans, diatomaceous earth ( diatomaceous Earth ) , calcined clay/shale, metakaolin, really all right clean-coal ash ( microash ) , limestone pulverization, and all right glass can cut down the usage of manufactured Portland cement, and do concrete more lasting, every bit good as cut down GHG emanations. Chemical composing of ASTM Type I portland cement and selected pozzolans is given in Table 2. Table. Chemical compostion of CCPs. Oxides % Portland Cement St. Helen ‘s ash VPP Class F ash Columbia Unit # 1 fly ash P-4 Class C ash SiO2 20.1 62.2 48.2 44.8 32.9 Al2O3 4.4 17.6 26.3 22.8 19.4 CaO 57.5 5.7 2.7 17.0 28.9 MgO 1.6 2.2 1.1 5.1 4.8 Fe2O3 2.4 5.6 10.6 4.2 5.4 TiO2 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 K2O 0.7 1.2 2.3 0.4 0.3 Na2O 0.2 4.6 1.1 0.3 2.0 Moisture 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.8 LOI 1.1 0.6 7.9 0.3 0.7 Recycled- Aggregate Concrete Recycled-aggregate concrete ( RAC ) for structural usage can be prepared by wholly replacing natural sum, in order to accomplish the same strength category as the mention concrete, manufactured by utilizing merely natural sums. This is evidently a defeat, since a big watercourse of recycled sums to let for full permutation of natural sums is non available. However, it is utile to turn out that to fabricate structural concrete by partially replacing natural with recycled sums by up to fifty per centum is so executable. In any instance, if the acceptance of a really low H2O to cement ratio implies unsustainably high sums of cement in the concrete mixture, recycled-aggregate concrete may besides be manufactured by utilizing a water-reducing alloy in order to take down both H2O and cement dose, or even by adding fly ash as a partial all right sum replacing and by utilizing a ace plasticiser to accomplish the needed workability. High-volume fly ash recycled aggregative concrete ( HVFA-RAC ) can be manufactured with a H2O to cement ratio of 0.60, by at the same time adding to the mixture as much fly ash as cement, and replacing the all right sum fraction. Therefore, H2O to cementitious stuff ratio of 0.30 is obtained enabling the concrete to make the needed strength category ( Table 3 ) . This process is indispensable for planing an environmentally-friendly concrete. All the concretes can be prepared keeping the same fluid consistence by proper add-on of an appropriate category of a ace plasticiser. Table. Comparison of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Virgin Aggregate.PropertyVirgin AggregateRACShape and Texture Well rounded, smooth ( crushed rocks ) to angular and unsmooth ( crushed stone ) . Angular with unsmooth surface. Absorption Capacity 0.8 – 3.7 per centum 3.7 – 8.7 per centum Specific Gravity 2.4 – 2.9 2.1 – 2.4 L. A. Abrasion Test Mass Loss 15 – 30 per centum 20 – 45 per centum Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test Mass Loss 7 – 21 per centum 18 – 59 per centum Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Mass Loss 4 – 7 per centum 1 – 9 per centum Chloride Content 0 – 1.2 kg/m3 0.6 – 7.1 kg/m3 SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE SOLUTIONS Concrete is a strong, lasting, low environmental impact, constructing stuff. It is the basis for edifice building and substructure that can set future coevalss on the route towards a sustainable hereafter [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . Benefits of concrete building are many, for illustration [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] : concrete edifices – cut down care and energy usage ; concrete main roads – cut down fuel consumed by to a great extent loaded trucks ; insulating concrete places – cut down energy use by 40 % or more ; fly ash, cement kiln dust, or cement-based solidification/stabilization and unmoved intervention of waste for brownfield renovation ; and, agribusiness waste containment – reduces odor and prevents groundwater taint. The concrete industry must demo leading and decide, and do part to the sustainable development of the industry in the 21 century by following new engineerings to cut down emanation of the greenhousegases, and therefore lend towards run intoing the ends and aims set at the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The fabrication of Portland cement is one such industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . 6 PORTLAND CEMENT Portland cement is non environmentally really friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must cut down its usage in concrete [ Malhotra 2004 ] ; and, we must utilize more blended cements, particularly with chemical alloies. Clinker production is the most energy-intensive phase in cement production, accounting for over 90 % of entire energy usage, and virtually all of the fuel usage. Processing of natural stuffs in big kilns produces portland cement cinder. These kiln systems evaporate the built-in H2O in the natural stuffs blended to fabricate the cinder, calcine the carbonate components ( calcinations ) , and organize cement minerals ( clinkerization ) [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.1 Blended cements The production of blended cements involves the intergrinding of cinder with one or more additives ; e.g. , fly ash, bnb granulated blast furnace scoria, silicon oxide smoke, volcanic ash, in assorted proportions. The usage of blended cements is a peculiarly attractive efficiency option since the intergrinding of cinder with other additives non merely allows for a decrease in the energy used ( and reduced GHG emanations ) in cinder production, but besides straight corresponds to a decrease in C dioxide emanations in calcinations every bit good. Blended cement has been used for many decennaries around the universe [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.2 Concrete and the usage of blended cements Although it is most common to do usage of auxiliary cementing stuffs ( SCM ) in the replacing of cement in the concrete mixture, blended cement is produced at the crunching phase of cement production where fly ash, blast furnace scoria, or silicon oxide smokes are added to the cement itself. The advantages include expanded production capacity, reduced CO2 emanations, reduced fuel ingestion and close monitoring of the quality of SCMs [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . â€Å" Kyoto Protocol ( UN Pact of 1997, requires to cut down GHGs, including CO2 ) . † It is now ratified. USA has non ratified it. â€Å" The Russian Government blessing allowed it to come into force worldwide. † By 2012, emanations must be cut below 1990 degrees ( in Japan by 6.0 + 7.6 = 13.6 % by 2012 ) [ The Daily Yomiuri 2004 ] . In Japan â€Å" ( Per ) householdaˆÂ ¦5,000 hankering green revenue enhancement † per twelvemonth is planned ( get downing April 2005 ) . This includes †Å" 3,600 hankerings in revenue enhancement per ton of C. † â€Å" The gross would be used to implement policies to accomplish the demands of Kyoto Protocol. † A study released ( on Oct. 21, 2004 ) showed that 61 % of those polled are in favour of the environmental revenue enhancement. † [ The Japan Times 2004 ] . Rate of CO2 emanation and planetary heating is shown in Figure 1. In last 2 year. CO2 has increased at a higher rate than expected [ Corinaldesi & A ; Moriconi 2004b ] . 6.3 Foundry byproducts Foundry byproducts include foundry sand, nucleus butts, abradants, and cupola scoria. Cores are used in doing coveted cavity/shapes in a sand cast in which liquefied metal is cast/poured. Cores are chiefly composed of silicon oxide sand with little per centums of either organic or inorganic binders.DecisionsThe most of import decision drawn appears to be that the compressive strength of the recycled aggregative concrete can be improved to be or even exceed that of natural-aggregate concrete by adding fly ash to the mixture as a all right aggregative replacing. In this manner, a given strength category value, as required for a broad scope of common utilizations, can be reached through both natural-aggregate concrete and recycled-aggregate concrete with fly ash, by adequately diminishing the H2O to cement ratio with the assistance of a superplasticizer in order to keep the workability. Concrete manufactured by utilizing recycled sum and wing ash shows no hurtful consequence on the lastingness of strengthened concrete, with some betterment for some instances. From an economical point of position, if merely the traditional costs are taken into history, recycledaggregate concrete with fly ash could be less attractive than natural-aggregate concrete. However, if the eco-balanced costs are considered, the exact antonym would be valid. Furthermore, the all right fraction with atom size up to 5 millimeters, when reused as sum for howitzers, allowed first-class bond strengths between howitzer and bricks, in malice of a lower mechanical public presentation of the howitzer itself. Besides the masonry debris can be productively treated and reused for fixing howitzers. Even for the all right fraction produced during the recycling procedure, that is the concrete-rubble pulverization, an first-class reuse was found, as filler in self-compacting concrete. The effort to better the quality of the recycled sums for new concretes by recycling in different ways the most damaging fractions, i.e. , the stuff coming from masonry debris and the finest recycled stuffs, allowed to accomplish surprising and unexpected public presentations for howitzers and selfcompacting concretes. Other industrial wastes, such as GRP waste pulverization, can turn out utile to be re-used in cementitious merchandises, by bettering some lastingness facets. â€Å" The concrete industry will be called upon to function the two pressing demands of human society ; viz. , protection of the environment and run intoing the infrastructural demand for increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the universe. Besides due to big size, the concrete industry is unimpeachably the ideal medium for the economic and safe usage of 1000000s of dozenss of industrial by-products such as fly ash and scoria due to their extremely pozzolanic and cementitious belongingss. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacing ( 60 – 70 % ) in concrete with these industrial byproducts will be advantageous from the point of view of cost economic system, energy efficiency, lastingness, and overall ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the hereafter, the usage of byproduct auxiliary cementing stuffs ought to be made compulsory † [ Malhotra 2004 ] .

Education for Everyone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education for Everyone - Essay Example One of the most exciting trends in education that promises to help with the emergency in funding is the increased access to free online educational resources. While there are those who decry increased online learning as being corrosive to the social benefits that accrue from time spent in face-to-face instruction, the fact is that the online opportunities for education represent an important chance for school administrators at every level – from elementary to the university – to augment their current course offerings with a wealth of robust resources that will help their students succeed – for nothing. One important trend in education that seeks to capitalize on the benefits of free online resources is the â€Å"flipped classroom.† The traditional learning model involves the teacher delivering information through lectures, presentations, or other media, while students respond with some practice in the classroom, followed by the completion of assignments ou tside school. The â€Å"flipped classroom† is the reverse: instead, students access pre-recorded lectures or readings that teachers have posted online for them. With this information in hand, students are expected to come to class prepared for the activity that awaits them. If they have not listened to the assigned lecture or accessed the required information, they will not be prepared for class that day. There are several benefits of the â€Å"flipped classroom.† The most obvious is that students who miss classes for activities or illness no longer miss out on vital information. All they have to do is access the websites for their classes and view or listen to the materials that have been posted. Also, the role of the teacher has been transformed. Instead of lecturing to whole groups, the teachers instead become learning coaches, moving from small group to small group, or even from individual to individual, making sure that each student has gained mastery over the con tent and is generating a valid product (Bergmann and Sams). Finally, the students are readier for in-class instruction when it does come. Instead of yawning through a lecture of thirty or forty-five minutes, the students stop working on their projects when they need instruction – because they need the information to complete that specific task, the missing information can be delivered more quickly, and the audience will be more receptive to it. One might point out several drawbacks to this approach. What, for example, about students who do not have Internet access at home? Is it reasonable for a student living at that socioeconomic level to be expected to go to a public library to get online for class materials, or to come to school early to access the teacher websites, particularly when that student is likely to depend on school bus transportation and to have a job after school to help the family make ends meet? Some districts around the country have tried to answer this que stion by sending home laptops or computers with each student to help bridge the financial gap to computer literacy, but it is still an unanswered question. If the â€Å"flipped classroom† is to succeed for every student, then at some point, there must be a universal wireless Internet network available to every home, so that students can access the information they need while at home – even a free laptop cannot access the World Wide Web without a subscription, the way things currently

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy - Essay Example Insofar as many Arab Muslims, not least of which are the perpetrators of 9/11, are concerned, the United States' bias towards Israel and the aggressive stand it has adopted towards Arab Middle Eastern states is at the heart of the anger which fuelled the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The United States, as the primary mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict, is ethically bound to adopt a neural stand and support international law but, public statements by American politicians expresses clear bias towards Israel. For example, on the 1st May, 2003, the U.S. Congress Majority leader publicly stated in a televised speech that he was "content to have Israel grab the entire West Bank there are many Arab nations that have many hundreds of thousands of acres of land, soil, and property and opportunity, to create a Palestinian state" (qtd. in Pomper, Foerstel and Broder). Apart from being an expression of clear bias from the conflict's chief mediator, such statements deeply anger Arab and Moslem populations because they exhibit an utter disregard for international law. That the United States is, within the ... Security Council Resolution 242"). Not only has Israel refused to respect this resolution but, to date, the United States has exploited its veto power to prevent the passage of ten resolutions which reiterated Resolution 242 and demanded ("U.S. Has A Long History"). Added to that, the United States has further vetoed resolutions which not only called upon Israel to respect international law but which condemned its killing of innocent Arab civilians and children. In total, the U.S. has vetoed 77 resolutions which condemned Israeli actions against Arab people and territories, and which demanded the withdrawal of Israel from Occupied Territories. With hardly any exception, the resolutions vetoed by the US had obtained near-unanimous Security Council and General Assembly approval (Reilly). From the Arab viewpoint, therefore, the United States is denying them justice under the law. The nature of the resolutions vetoed by the United States is fully expressive of the extent to which it is determined to deny Arab states justice under the law, and the degree to which it is biased in favor of Israel. This statement is amply supported by facts. For example, in 1990, the United States vetoed a resolution condemning the murder of seven unarmed Palestinian civilians by an Israeli, and in December 2002, vetoed another resolution condemning Israel's killing of UN employees ("U.S. Vetoes of UN Resolutions Critical of Israel"). Indeed, the United States has further vetoed resolutions whose intent was the "affirmation of the inalienable rights of the Palestinians," and the murder of Palestinians as they prayed inside al Aqsa Mosque.

Violence and Aggression in Sports is Because of the Media Research Paper

Violence and Aggression in Sports is Because of the Media - Research Paper Example A conclusion will hence be drawn as to the validity and weight of the thesis of the essay and a possible means of reducing violence and aggression in sports suggested. Introduction Violence in the field of sports is the physical and verbal actions executed during, around or directly linked to a sports event that are over and beyond the stipulated guidelines of fair play (Atyeo, 2000). This may be a boxing match, football, martial arts or even wrestling. These acts can and to include intentional assault of opposing players, abusive language and gestures towards referees. Threats also constitute violence. The violent and aggressive behavior witnessed in sports is as a result of the content of media coverage. Media (print, televised, audio and networked) has in the past swayed opinions, created and advanced perceptions and supported/ instigated different actions from the public they reach. However, it is worth noting that the media sometimes promote violence in sports unintentionally th rough live coverage. For example, the National Hockey League (NHL) of Northern America is characterized as lenient and supportive of gross misconduct, such as fighting between players. Hockey fans are entitled to watch the matches and the media is there to facilitate and satisfy this desire but its failure to censor occurrences of physical fights has in the past resulted in instances of violence perpetrated by the fans. ... the role media has played in fostering and fuelling acts of violence and aggression by sports enthusiasts and fans before, during and after sports events proving that the media coverage actively leads to and causes violence and aggression in sports. Discussion Giulianotti and Armstrong (2003) state that, â€Å"Modern day sports violence has its roots in western countries and was widely linked to the broadcasting of games on television sets† (p. 6). Popular belief suggests that initial cases of violence were directed and conducted by the working class individuals in an attempt to reclaim the various sports events which were primarily reserved for the rich and affluent members of the society. A decade later, similar incidences of hooliganism sprung up in more countries in Europe. The main reason the media creates and showcases sports violence and aggression is for the purposes of profit maximization through increased viewership and purchase of magazines and newspapers. The socie ty we live in is such that negative reports such as violence, deaths and accidents, during events attracts a considerable amount of public attention as opposed to more informative topics such as economics, healthy living, reforms among others, and the media utilizes this to its advantage. It is for this reason that the media will capitalize on every single opportunity that presents itself to report of violent incidents in sports events, with some glamorizing them and the perpetrators either with or without the knowledge that by doing so, they are just helping to polarize fans depending on their club loyalties. Children watching and reading the reports grow up knowing or thinking that violence in sports is something, which is normal and with such a trend, hooliganism in sports will never be

Colonial to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Colonial to 1877 - Essay Example Slavery remained legal in the South while it was illegal in the North. Few Northerners actively opposed the practice though. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 began a series of events which resulted ultimately in war. The Northwest Ordinance was an act of Congress of the federation and essentially declared that the land north of the Ohio River and East of the Mississippi River, would in fact become a part of the United States as well as become settled. Additionally, the ordinance established an area where slavery was illegal, therefore causing uprising from states south of the Ordinance. The Ohio River would become the boundary line. The next event to cause a disturbance between the North and the South was the Missouri Compromise of1820. This established slavery regulations within the Western Territories. It also made slavery illegal in the Louisiana Territory but allowed it to remain legal within the Missouri Territory. Political ramifications of the compromise served to introduce the idea of democrats and republicans. The compromise had established clear boundaries between North and South and would eventually push the two halves into war. In the meantime, the Mexican-American War was on the horizon as America had annexed the Texas territory from Mexico. The conflict lasted from 1846 to 1848. Most of the Southern States at the time, embraced the idea of Manifest Destiny as well as the idea of acquiring more land in the spirit of slavery expansion. Manifest Destiny was the notion that the United States was destined to claim the territory from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Seaboard. This is precisely why many were in favor of the Mexican-American war and also why the conflict began. Because of so much political and social unrest, the Compromise of 1850 was drafted. This series of bills sought to create resolve over the issue of slavery as well as the Mexican-American War. This compromise served to avoid an immediate

Michael Schmidts Position in Milk Debates Research Paper

Michael Schmidts Position in Milk Debates - Research Paper Example Many people who had become used to consuming raw milk distributed by Michael found it extremely natural.   They claim that it had a flavor, better than any branded milk available at stores.   It also gave them great satisfaction that the milk came from well-cared animals living in an ideal natural farm near neighboring Grey Bruce County (CBC Documentaries).   One web-based discussion titled â€Å"Raw Milk Crusader† cites examples of people who opted for Michael’s milk and stated it offered a number of health benefits including relief from osteoporosis, healing allergies, and unlike pasteurized milk, did not cause constipation (CBC Documentaries). One nature lover Paul Noble, who is perturbed by the intrusion of the government in the issue concerning raw milk, opines, â€Å"if God had intended us to drink pasteurized milk, he would have put a pasteurizer on the cow† (Ananda). On the other hand, there is little doubt among health experts that there is a tangi ble menace in consuming raw milk, particularly for small children.   Milk that is not pasteurized could include a number of harmful bacteria, including campylobacter, listeria, salmonella, brucella, and E. coli 0157: H7 that led to the deaths of seven people in Walkerton in 2000.   Considering this fact, one needs to examine this issue both from a biological and basic human rights point of view.   The problem in simple terms stands as; ‘if someone decides to consume raw milk even after knowing it might harm him should he be prohibited from following his decision?’   Many human rights activists will perhaps disagree.   Rady Ananda in her article â€Å"How Safe Is Your Food?   GMO’s, Foodborne illness and Trade Agreements† are particularly worried about how governments and corporate houses are using the so-called ‘food safety’ to manipulate market access and control.  Ã‚  

Safegurading health information and systems Essay

Safegurading health information and systems - Essay Example The other most important wording is the ethical statement. These act as a guide to the ethical behaviors the health care workers such as nurses are supposed to abide by when in use of the information systems (Wager, Lee & Glaser, 2013). This wording is important as it saves on disciplinary actions and prevents nurses and other health care workers from breaching the ethical code of conduct. Lastly, the other most important wording necessary to be included in these health systems is the patient management statement. There are standards of patient management necessary for the nurse to apply in all patients and they should be openly stipulated and clearly worded in the information system for the benefit and frequent reminder of them to the nurses when attending to their patients (Mettler & Raptis, 2012). Failure to follow these statements leads to legal actions being taken against the nurse as is stipulated in the legal and regulatory statement mentioned

Globalization and Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalization and Feminism - Essay Example The effects of globalization on the theories of feminism establish the relationship between the capital and gender, exploitation of the women workforce. Feminism has played a significant role in the process of globalization and economic progress all over the world. From the perspective of feminism, the phenomenon of globalization has led to the discrimination of gender in terms of control over capital and resources (Hawkesworth, 2006, p.37). The male sections of the society has dominated and gained control over the majority of resources, opportunities of livelihood and employment. There are, however, instances where the women have been able to grab the opportunities in the course of economic progress, a major section of the women labour force have lost control over their work in the process of globalization. Women have obtained job opportunities in the skilled areas of Information Technology, Computer software, etc, the semi and unskilled women labours, agricultural workers have lost their occupation to the forces of globalization. Discussion: globalization and feminism The theories of feminism are based primarily on two basic assumptions. ... On one side, when the increase in participation of women in the labour force have created job opportunities and provided a means of livelihood and independence to women, the women on the other hand has also been subjected to discrimination and humiliation. The women in the Middle-East are hired as working maids for the families in order to support the homemakers of the family. Thus the engagement of a woman labour for the help of another woman is an act of exploitation (Sarkar, 2007, p.5). The rise in the income level of the families due to the phenomenon of globalization has provided jobs to the women section of the society and at the same time increased their possibility of exploitation apart from providing them economic freedom. Globalization has produced new discourse in various field of occupation. The involvement of several sections of the society has produced new instances in the field of politics. The feminists believe that the phenomenon of globalization has not been able to produce a condition of equality among the men and the women. There have been various landmark initiatives in the political course of action like the increase in the number of women representatives in the parliament, activities for ensuring women rights, education and livelihood for women, etc. Although the economic and political scenario has changed in the process of globalization, the exploitation and the discrimination towards women have not changed to a great deal (Beneria, 2003, p.47). The process of globalization is challenged by the various political and social resistances. The cultural and religious roots of the society could not easily be transformed and the spread of economic activities as globalization

Immigration to the United States Essay Example for Free

Immigration to the United States Essay Immigrants in the the United States have been the backbone for American for centries. People from all over the world have come to live the American dream that so many hear about throughout the world. America has been home to every different natationalty one can think of, and between the years of 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. [1] Now, in that time most of those immigrants were coming to America to become citizen of the United States with hopes of finding their own American dream. Today, the chase for the American dream has become a lot different and the majority of the immigrants funneling into American are the Latin Americans. With the hardships happen throughout Latin America, many are forced into finding a better life abroad. Like many other immigrants in the past, Latin Americans are turning to the United States for a better life. Economist have been trying to understand the effects immigration has had on the United States both positively and negatively for many years now. It is a hard task to understand the effects that Latin Americans have had on the United States labor market and there are many factors to be understood and many variables to examine. For this paper, I attempt to identify the outstanding influential factors that have charged this new wave of immigrants and effects it has had on the US economy both positively and negatively. The Pew Hispanic Center estimated in December 2012 that there were 11. 1 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U. S. s of March 2011, unchanged from the previous two years and a continuation of the sharp decline from its peak of 12 million in 2007. This decline has been the first significant decrease following two decades of growth up to 2007 [5]. Net immigration from Mexico to the U. S. has stopped and possibly reversed since 2010 and at its peak in 2000, about 770,000 immigrants arrived annually from Mexico; the majority arrived illegally. By 2010, the inflow had dropped to about 140,000, a majority of whom arrived as legal immigrants. 5] To understand the economics of this new immigration wave, one must find the main networks in which the Latin American are using to become part of the US economic system. Latin Americans came by the millions and many chose big cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas and many parts of the American southwest. The reasoning behind that in somewhat obvious; because there are more jobs in big cities. Although the illegal immigrants were not aiming at high paid jobs in big cities, many Americans dont see the effect it has had to them personally. Like many Latin American immigrants, they turned to jobs that are mostly manual labor and require little education. Many choose this route because that is where the majority of Latin Americans can fit in and work in the US economy. When immigrants choose to migrate to another country, they tend to stay together and rely on one another for survival. They find that most relationships are based on kinship, friendship, and in particular, paisanaje (belonging to a common origin-community). Ties among paisanos actually appear to strengthen once they arrive in the United States, and this sociological change is reinforced by the emergence of community-based institutions, such as soccer clubs, which bring the migrants together. [2] Forming a community of immigrants in the same region make it easier to find jobs without having to start from scratch in an unknown world. Like many other immigrants in the past, they want to live close and stay together so it is easier to prosper economically. Illegal immigrants choose to work for below the minimum wage because one, they are illegal and cannot turn to the government for reinforcement, and two, they are making more money in the United States then they were in Latin America. Also, many firms in the United States would rather hire an illegal immigrant that is willing to work for less money versus an American citizen who is obligated to make minimum wage. When the recession hit the United States, more and more employers were forced to hire illegal immigrants which caused a vicious cycle throughout the American economy. American tax payers were losing jobs to illegal immigrants that were not paying taxes that ultimately dammaged the economy. Many saw this as a horrible cycle that was strictly caused by illegal immigrants and many make a compelling argument but on the contrary, it drives American citizens to become more educated and fight for higher paying jobs. For instance, immigrants are usually allocated to manual-intensive jobs, promoting competition and pushing natives to perform communication-intensive tasks more efficiently. This process, at the same time, reorganizes firms’ structure, producing efficiency gains and pushing natives towards cognitive and communication- intensive jobs that are better paid. [3] These effects might take sometime to unfold fully and be visible to the American people and the American economy but as history has told us, immigration does had a positive effect in the long-run. When the economy is growing, new immigration creates jobs in sufficient numbers to leave native employment unharmed, even in the relatively short run. During downturns, however, new immigrants are found to have a small negative impact on native employment in the short run (but not the long run)[3]. Though the share of low- skilled native-born individuals in the US labor force has fallen, employers continue to require less-educated workers in US agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs [2]. Immigrants, unauthorized immigrants in particular, have stepped in to provide the source of manpower. Unauthorized immigrant workers have been an important source of low-skilled labor supply to the US economy for many decades. With that, the burst of illegal immigrants moving into a certain region is hard for any economy to cope with. With the millions of people migrating to certain cities within the US, many firms were overwhelmed. Firms could not provide jobs to the American tax payers because of recession so many Americans turned to unemployment, which then relys on the government for support, which is another vicious cycle that has a negative effect through the entire United States. Although many see themsleves as low-skilled workers, other latin americans come to the United States for education. Parents see a brighter future for their children in America and being a illegal is worth the risk. Also, illegal immigration occurs because foreign workers can earn much more in the United States than they can at home and US immigration restrictions prevent them from entering the country through legal means. Consider the gain to emigration for a young urban male in Mexico who has completed nine years of education (which in Mexico is equivalent to finishing secondary school). Simply by moving to the United States, the worker’s annual income would rise by 2. times, even after controlling for cost-of-living differences between the two countries. [5] The income gain from migration is a result of international differences in labor productivity, with labor in the United States being far more productive than in Mexico [6]. People who want a high paying job in the United States have to come legally. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has a high number or well educate d citizens. Since there has been many advances in technology, many now want to go to the United States for high paid jobs which the demand is increasing. For this many turn to green cards for legal immigration and will be allowed a certain amount of time to work in the United States. For high-skilled labor, legal immigration is the primary means of entering the United States. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has an abundant supply of highly educated labor. One might expect that, if anything, skilled labor would want to leave the country rather than try to move here. However, over the past two decades the U. S. economy has enjoyed rapid advances in new technology, which have increased the demand for highly skilled labor. 7] The spread of information technology, among other developments, has created demand for software programmers, electrical engineers, and other skilled technicians. Even with the abundant U. S. supply of educated labor, technology-induced increases in labor demand have made the country an attractive destination for educated workers from abroad. Employment-based green cards and temporary work visas m ake such skilled immigration possible. Although many Latin Americans do try for a green card, many are turned away because of the long process and abundance of new illegal immigrants already in the United States. These benefits, however, are not shared equally. Labor inflows from abroad redistribute income away from workers who compete with immigrants in the labor market [4]. George Borjas estimates that over the period 1980 to 2000 immigration contributed to a decrease in average U. S. wages of 3 percent. [9] This estimate accounts for the total change in the U. S. labor force due to immigration, including both legal and illegal sources. Since immigration is concentrated among the low-skilled, low-skilled natives are the workers most likely to be hurt. Over the 1980 to 2000 period, wages of native workers without a high school degree fell by 9 percent as a result of immigration [8]. On the other hand, lower wages for low-skilled labor mean lower prices for goods and services, especially those whose prices are set in local markets rather than through competition in global markets [8]. Patricia Cortes finds that in the 1980s and 1990s U. S. cities with larger inflows of low-skilled immigrants experienced larger reductions in prices for housekeeping, gardening, child care, dry cleaning, and other labor-intensive, locally traded services[8]. On top of all that, according th laws of the Untied States, any citizen born on US soil if classified a American citizen. This law has caused the many problems for the Untied States and the illegal immigrants are taking full advantage of it. They cross the border into the US and immediately start having children. Now, the law was implemented a long time ago when migration to the US was needed but n ow it is a big problem because America now has millions of illegal immigrants not paying taxes and not getting health insurance but everything they do requires the help from legal tax payers. It is unfair to all tax payers and puts a damper on the US economy. Although some undocumented immigrants receive Social Security and Medicare benefits, the majority do not receive any benefits from those programs[10]. Since false Social Security numbers are not directly linked to an individual who can take advantage of Social Security benefits, the majority of contributions to Social Security from undocumented immigrants go into an earnings suspense file. The Social Security Administration factors in the over $7 billion annual contributions from undocumented im- migrants into the Social Security Administration’s calculations and projections for the solvency of Social Security. 10] The retirement of the baby boom generation will lead to increased expenditures for Social Security and additional tax revenue is needed to provide Social Security benefits to current and future retirees. [11] Since undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive government services, it is estimated that undocumented immi- grants pay an average of $1,800 per househ old, per year more to Social Security and Medicare than they utilize in services [12] Therefore, undocumented immigrants actually help Social Security and Medicare and help to provide services to current and future retirees. Moving forward to the the state and local level of immigrantion which sheds light to the impat on a smaller scale. While current rhetoric in the immigration debate decries how undocumented workers steal jobs, immigrants working in the U. S. do not take away jobs from citizens; instead they stimulate the state and local economies and complement the workforce by providing a necessary pool of unskilled labor. [13] Although there are many costs involved, there may be economic benefits associated with having undocumented children in schools that are often not considered. Higher student enrollment can create more jobs, not just for teachers, but for all educational related services like administrators, maintenance staff, teaching assistants and other professionals, bus drivers, and other school staff which would help local and state economies. The creation of jobs as a result of higher student enrollment often results in an increase in federal funding for schools and can lead to an increase in state and local revenue generated by income and sales taxes. [14] Also, when ore people are going to school there is back school shopping which also has a big impact for business during the year. Contrary to the implication that immigrants exacerbate unemployment, high rates of immigration are linked to less unemployment [16]. This does not diminish the economy, but encourages specialization and increases wages for native workers [17]. Most undocumented immigrants in the U. S. work in low-skilled jobs and do not compete with American workers. The influx of low-skilled laborers into the U. S. as been shown to slow the decline of manufacturing industries and contribute to the creation of new jobs [18]. For example, the Bell Policy Center found that for every job held by an undocumented immigrant in Colorado, 0. 8 jobs are created [19]. While there are not that many official estimates from the federal government showing how much undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy, the research indicates that undocumented immigration is part of a positive force that immigration has upon the U. S. economy.

Book Summary Essay Example for Free

Book Summary Essay The book I chose to read was â€Å"When I Say No, I Feel Guilty† by Manuel J. Smith. The first thing to stand out to me in this book was it seemed a little outdated. Even though the writing style and the examples appeared to be from a different era, I was still able to see how different points were relevant today and to me personally. This title screamed my name when I was browsing the list of choices because no matter what I am saying no to, I always feel guilty. From the first moment that we can feel and translate emotions, we have been manipulated by others. We have grown up under the sense that we should feel certain ways about particular actions. We forget to a chore when we are young, we should feel guilty. We bring a bad grade home on out report card, we should be scared of getting in trouble. Many activities are labeled either good or bad and we should portray emotions to match. As a manager, you should try to keep commands or statements neutral. A neutral statement is one that doesn’t assign the label of good or bad to a behavior so the recipient will not feel manipulated. Everyday, people try to manipulate you into doing what they want by making you feel nervous, uninformed, or blameworthy. If you let them push you around you will feel frustrated, angry or depressed. When you permit others to control your actions, you renounce your sense of personal responsibility. Smith states that the first step in fixing the situation is to know that â€Å"no one can manipulate your emotions or behavior if you don’t allow it to happen. † Also, following the Bill of Assertive Rights will help lead to non-manipulative relationships in all situations. The rights are the basis for all healthy relationships and are listed as: You have the right to judge your own behavior, thoughts and emotions, and to take the responsibility for their initiation and consequences upon yourself. You have the right to offer no reasons or excuses for justifying your behavior. You have the right to judge if you are responsible for finding solutions to other people’s problems. You have the right to change your mind. You have the right to make mistakes and be responsible for them. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t know†. You have the right to be independent of the goodwill of others before coping with them. You have the right to be illogical in making decisions. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t understand†. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t care†. The first right is the foundation of all of the remaining rights. When you become your own judge, you help to build a barrier against manipulation. Judgements should be based on your values and not external systems of what is right or wrong. People base their manipulative actions on the belief that you should live up to their rules. If you are accepting of this situation, you open yourself up to a limitless variety of manipulation. Criticism is a common tool people use to get someone to behave according to their standards. Reactions to criticism can be negative with anxiety, denial, and defensiveness. Learning to take criticism in a constructive manner helps to avoid manipulation. Verbal coping methods to help accept criticism effectively are fogging, negative assertion, and negative inquiry. Fogging is when you only agree to the truths in a statement and respond to what someone has specifically stated rather than what is implied. A negative assertion is statement that takes responsibility for something you have done wrong. It takes courage to make a negative assertion and say, I’m sorry. Last, using negative inquiry encourages the critic to reply assertively instead of manipulatively. This tactic is typically used to ask for additional information about a critique. There are also different types of relationships that fall into three categories, commercial, authority, and equality. Basic verbal skills used to minimize manipulation do not change as problems are handled throughout these different relationships. Commercial relationships are clearly defined with a contract. Since this type of relationship follows a defined structure an assertive verbal skill works most effectively. In an authority relationship there is one person in charge while the other is not. Authority based relationships emphasize finding compromises that grow on existing interpersonal dynamic. Both parties are equal in an equality relationship. This relationship is the most informal and tends to have everything open for discussion. Thoughtful open communication reassures people that you will not hinder their decision making, even if you may disagree. The main concept I took away from this book is, it’s my life and what happens in it is completely up to me! I will not cower when I face manipulation. My reactions to particular situations can pave the way for a disaster or a triumph. We must always be in touch with reality to promote our own well-being and happiness. We also have to accept the possibility that changing our mind is completely normal and healthy. Keeping the Assertive Bill of Rights in mind will help to stand up against manipulation and keep our dignity, self-respect, and control over our own behavior.

Measles: Symptoms and Treatment

Measles: Symptoms and Treatment Katie James Measles are very contagious disease. They are spread by someone coming in contact with infected mucus and or salvia. An Infected piece of the virus can go through the air and settle on anything and any person in close contact will become infected. Children are more common to get the disease especially if they are not vaccinated. Some basic symptoms of measles include rash, watery eyes, dry cough and fever. It takes more than one week for the virus to get comfortable in the body. That means in can take several days for the symptoms to effect someone. The virus has no treatment. So its best to get the vaccine to protect oneself. If one does get the measles virus, limit the interactions with others, to prevent spreading the disease to someone else and contaminating surfaces. Doctors can usually diagnose a patient with measles disease when they find out the symptoms. Complications from measles can happen to people. There are common less severe complications, ear infection and more seriou s complications like brain damage. Once a person gets measles the can not get them more than once. The body will be immune from the measles for life. Measles are a viral infection located in the respiratory system (Dawn M. 2013). Measles are a disease in which it is very highly contagious when in contact or exposed to. The measles virus can live on surfaces for many hours. Measles are mainly a childhood disease but it has no limit on age and people of any age can get measles. Measles can be described as an endemic disease which means it is frequently existing in a community and peoples body are able to put up a fight against the disease (Dawn M. 2013). The opposite would happen if measles go to a place where people have never been exposed, death and serious illness may affect the people who get the virus. Its important to identify the symptoms measles have on people and know the treatments and preventions available to people. How would someone be able to identify or know that they have the measles? The measles virus will enter the body and not show any signs of the body being affected by the disease until nine to even 14 days after the virus has entered (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). The most noticed sign of the measles is a skin rash. The rash look red and has itchy bumps. The rash can last up to seven days (Measles, 2016). The measles rash can show signs on the body within three to four days after the body has been exposed to the virus (Measles,2016). Most of the time the rash will begin on the head and behind the ears and it will slowly spread all over body, it may take two to three days for the rash to spread all over the body (Measles, 2016). The rashes red spots will eventually grow and combine together this will make the skin look very red and irritated. As time goes on the rash turns a brownish color (Measles, 2016). Measles rash can be very serious and cause a great amount of illness. Its important u nderstand measles rash versus a rash caused by a different disease. The rash is only part of the measles virus. Fever is also a symptom of measles (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). The fever could be sever or just a mild one. The fever may drop and then rise again as the rash is spreading. Other symptoms of measles may include a running nose, body aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, a cough and a sore throat.(Measles, 2016) When a person has the measles they may be sensitive to the light. Red eyes, swollen eyes, the feeling of inflammation in the eyes and watery eye are all symptoms of having the measles (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). Also kopliks spots will develop in side the mouth, cheeks and throat are all signs of measles (Measles, 2014) The spots in the mouth have a greyish, white color tent to them (Measles, 2014). If the symptoms of measles virus do not improve after a number of days, or all symptoms have went away except the fever if may very serious and a doctor s hould be contacted. Normally once the body is exposed to the virus, the immune system will make start making antibodies and help fight off the virus as well as give the body lifelong immunity against the measles virus. It is not highly expected for a person to get measles more than once. (Pommerville. J.C, 2016) Diagnosing measles for a doctor is usually fairly easily if the signs and symptoms discussed are present in and on the body (Ryan K.J, 2010). If the doctor can not diagnose with certainty. They can order a blood test and this will be able to check the blood for the measles virus. Since measles are highly contagious, children should not return to school at least until five days have passed since the rash has appeared or longer if needed (Knott. D.L, 2014). How does the measles virus and develop? How are the measeles transmitted? Right after the virus enters the body, the virus multiplies in the back of throat, lungs and the lymphatic system (Dawn. M, 2013). The virus likes to live in throat mucus and nose of the infected person (Dawn. M, 2013). A person is contagious usually four days before the measles rash will appear and is still contagious four to five days after the rash is on the body (Measles, 2014). It is not likely that a person will get measles twice. If a person has not been infected by measles before or if they have not been vaccinated, as soon as they come in close contact with an infected person they are really pushing it and are more then likely going to become ill (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). About ninety percent of people who are not vaccinated and live in the same house as someone who has measles will develop the measles virus (Dawn. M, 2013). The measles virus will spread from one person to many others. If a non infect ed person comes in physical contact with a person you is, they will get the virus. As well as if the non infected person touches anything that has been infected by the virus and then putting the hand in the mouth, rubbing nose and or mouth (Dawn. M, 2013). It can also be spread by a infected person coughing or sneezing around others who are not infected. The virus can stay active on surfaces for about two hours (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). Measles is disease the affects only humans, animals cannot spread or get the measles virus (Knott. D. L, 2015). Measles are very contagious and its important to get the measles vaccine because measles can lead to serious complications. What are some complications of measles? More common complications can lead to eye infections, laryngitis and an ear infection causing earaches (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). Other complications include bronchitis, and decrease in blood platelets (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). These ones so far are not life threating but are still something to be aware of when having the measles virus. Less common but more serious illness that could come from measles could be brain inflammation and this can cause brain damage and death, it is not that likely but it is still a possibility (Ryan K. J, 2016). Difficulty breathing or having chest pains can be a complication (Ryan K. J 2016). The measles virus can affect nerves or muscles that lead the to eyes. If this happens a person may squint as a complication from the virus (Ryan K. J, 2016). Other serious complications could be blindnes s and having a preterm baby or even a miscarriage (Mayo clinic staff, 2014) Once a person becomes infected by the measles virus, how is it treated? When it comes to the measles virus there is no certain treatment. There is no prescriptions of medication to give to a person infected by the measles virus. The virus symptoms will usually go away in two to three weeks ( Dawn M, 2013). Thought there is no way of treating the measles virus there are ways help relieve some of the symptoms. Getting plenty of rest will help your immune system. Taking an appropriate amount of Tylenol or I ibuprofen can help keep the fever down and relieve any body aces. Drinking a lot of fluids will help keep the fever down ( Mayo clinic staff, 2104). To help a sore throat or cough, a humidifier may give an ease to the throat. A person should stay in places that are not super bright to keeps they eyes from getting to inflamed. Taking vitamin A supplements are shown to help prevent serious complications from the measles virus (Measles, 2016). The treatment for the measles virus only ea ses the symptoms until the immune system of the body takes care of the infection. Measles virus is not a pleasant virus to get. The best way someone can be preventive in not getting the measles virus is by getting the MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine is a three in one vaccine that prevents you from getting measles, as well as mumps and rubella (Pommerville. J.C, 2016). The immunizations people get help prevent an outbreak of the measles virus. Children are able to get the first MMR vaccine at the age of 1 years old ( Mayo clinic staff, 2014). They can get a second dose between the ages of four and six (Mayo clinic staff, 2014). If adult has not received the immunization they can always get vaccinated by a doctor. People who should not take the vaccine are women who are pregnant (Knott D.L,2015). Since measles are extremely contagious and there are no specified treatments to cure the measles virus, the most important and best way to stay clear of the virus is by prevention (Measles, 2016). Which is by a person getting a vaccine and eliminating the chance of becoming in fected by the measles virus. References Dawn, M. (2013). Measles: History, Symptoms, Treatment, and Effects of the Vaccine.  CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Knott, D. L. (2015, March 02). Measles | Health. Retrieved March, 2017, from  https://patient.info/health/measles-leaflet Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, May24). Measles. Retrieved March, 2017, from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/measles/DSOO331 Measles (2016, March). Retrieved March, 2017, from  http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en Pommerville, J. C., Alcamo, I. E. (2016). Fundamentals of microbiology (3rd ed.). Burlington,  MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Ryan, K. J. (2010). Sherris medical microbiology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.   Ã‚  

Nursing School Admission Essay -- College Admissions Essays

Nursing School Admission Essay    My interest in nursing began at age 18 at Bridgeport Hospital in Connecticut where I was trained as a Certified Care Partner, then as a Phlebotomist, followed by a two year surgical floor assignment and a one year burn unit stint. When I moved to New Hampshire, I worked full time at Plymouth State College and took night courses towards a BSN for one and a half years. I postponed my education for eight years while I was a wife and mother. After divorcing, I returned to P.S.C. to continue taking courses leading towards a BSN to help support my children and myself in a career that allows me to contribute to my community. Currently, I am attending Claremont School of Nursing full time, working towards completing an Associate RN Degree. I chose nursing as a career because I found the work challenging, exciting and rewarding. I feel my skills and attributes are well suited for nursing. My ability to sta... ...reas, I hope to find employment at one of the nearby ski resorts. Others options I am considering include working as a member of the D.A.R.T. Trauma Team in Hanover, or as a part of the trauma teams at one of the two local hospitals. I am totally committed to working in the field of trauma nursing. I believe this is where my talents are best suited, as well as the area of nursing in which I can reach my full potential, and make the greatest service contribution.

Scouting the World Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

Scouting the World It was July 2000, when it started. Colorful flags of 14 nations gently flapped under a blue Canadian sky. In a field, 1500 young people from around the world assembled in uniform for the opening ceremonies of the sixth worldwide jamboree of the Polish Scouting Organization. I was among the scouts proudly representing the USA. It was only my first "international" experience, but one that was the start of an unforgettable multicultural adventure. And standing there in that field, I felt it starting. I had not traveled far from home, but it seemed I was visiting lands from afar - France, Argentina, Australia, Poland. Talking to the scouts, being in the presence of youth from all around the globe put me in their world. Even though we were hosted by Canadians, Polish was the indispensable language of communication at this jamboree. Yes, among our friends we used our own language, but when we spoke to the other scouts, the Polish Austalians, Polish Danes, Polish Germans, there was only one language to use, one we all shared - Polish. For two weeks we bonded through both the scouting experience and our Polish heritage. We discovered that in many ways, we were the same and yet there was a distinct flavor to each nation's group, revealing its cultural individuality - be it in song, verbal expressions, or in just the way they interacted with each other. I was amazed at how comfortable I felt in this setting and it sparked my desire - I wanted to experience it more. In two weeks, I formed lifetime friendships that crossed many countries' borders and since then, we have been exchanging letters. Later that summer, I was lucky to travel to Rome for the World Youth Day 2000 whe... ...chool students from across the world came together to share ideas and interact socially. I was thrilled when my project won awards in this distinguished fair, but especially touched because it was for a subject close to my heart. It is hard to believe that my yearlong multicultural odyssey, which started on that sunny Canadian field, ended at an international science fair. Meeting so many young people from around the globe made me gain a fresh perspective of my own cultural experience, as well as that of others. It opened my eyes, and I learned that we each have our own unique cultural identity, which is constantly being shaped and hopefully, enriched. Such cross-cultural encounters inspire an appreciation of diversity, strengthening a real human connection we all share, and how significant a lesson that is for me, at only 17 years of age, to have learned.

Auto Competition :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Auto Competition Intro When an auto manufacturer needs to cut costs it will sometimes look for help from another manufacturer. This process results in a merging between companies in order to benefit one another. Companies may merge to be cost efficient or even to gain entry into another market segment. Either way, manufacturers try to gain instant results by merging. Auto manufacturers compete with each other to give consumers the state of the art safety systems that they demand. Parents are becoming more concerned about their family's safety with the lifesaving abilities of airbags. Consumers are looking at airbags as a very important option when making a vehicle purchasing decision. Not only must the automobile come equipped with one, but consumers also want a way to disengage the passenger side of the system if needed for children and infants. Description of Industry In the 1960's, automotive safety began with a man by the name of Ralph Nader. In November of 1965 Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile. The target of this book was General Motors' Corvair Nader claimed the rear suspension was faulty and made it possible to skid violently and roll over (Bollier). After Nader made the public aware of safety concerns, automotive manufacturers started putting items such as power disk brakes as standard equipment on new automobiles. GM started impact testing and designed side beam guards in the late 1960's (General Motors website). Nader's continued crusading into the 1970's made GM realize that it had to be proactive in the safety movement. The result of the movement was designing an airbag in 1973. Volvo had already introduced the airbag in 1972 on its 240/260 series (Volvo History). Companies, realizing that Nader was not going to be disappearing anytime, soon decided to look for suppliers that were safety conscious. Automotive manufacturers began buying safety glass, which reduced injuries from large glass shards in accidents. The introduction of the steel belted tires reduced the amount of tire blowouts, which can lead to rollovers. In the 1980's the public started to listen and jump onto Nader's bandwagon. The public was demanding automobiles equipped with life saving safety features. GM introduced the rear lap/shoulder belt in 1986 as standard equipment. Also in 1986 Volvo introduced a detachable seat for children up to the age of four.

The Three Rs

The Three R’s Using the three R’s- reduce, reuse and recycle help the world to cut down on the amount of waste being thrown away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy. When people go outside, they see trash on the ground instead of the trashcan. This doesn’t help the economy instead it affects it. In today’s economy, the earth’s resources are suffering with major problems which lead to consequences. There are many ways to conserve the earth’s resources. However, the three most efficient ways to conserve the earth’s resources are reducing, reusing, and recycling products and materials.Reducing is one of the most efficient ways to help conserve resources. Reducing is cutting down on materials that are unnecessary. Using reduction conserves natural resources and uses less than usual in order to avoid waste. Energy is one of the resources that are limited. Reducing energy can help consume fossil fuels that are becomin g increasingly limited on supply. For example, instead of leaving the lights on when someone exits the house or room, he or she could turn off the lights. Also, people can unplug their appliances that are not in use to help reduce the use of energy within their household.Gas is another problem the earth is restricted on. Reducing the use of gas helps reduce the climate change in the world. For instance, people can reduce gas by carpooling with a neighbor or a friend. He or she could also ride their bikes to work, to school, or even to the park. This helps reduce the use of energy and gas. Although reducing helps the earth use less, reusing materials helps reduce waste. Reusing materials or products is the second most efficient way to conserve resources.Reusing materials helps avoid and slow down the process of products being turned into waste and reduces the number of products being brought. Clothes are essential items to be reused and can always be changed into something new. Cloth es productions are a major drain on natural resources and can involve unethical social practices. For example, people can donate their old clothing instead of throwing it into the trash. Also, people can restyle their old clothing, turning a pair of old jeans into a headband or even cut out designs and put them onto a shirt.This helps people who do not have clothing, give people ideas of new styling, and avoids waste. Plastic bags are another thing we should reuse. Plastic bags are necessary products that should be reused but aren’t. Plastic bags production consumes millions of gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating. For instance, when someone goes into the supermarket, he or she should purchase reusable bags instead of the plastic bags. He or she could even purchase fiber bags or cloth bags that can be reused multiple of times as he or she goes into different stores.Reusing these items helps reduce waste that’s being put into the air and water. Althoug h reusing products and materials may help reduce waste, recycling helps reduce pollution. Recycling is the third most efficient way to conserve resources. It is something that is very common in most countries. When raw materials are used in the manufacture of new goods derived from the core elements of old products, there is an enormous saving of limited and finite natural resources. Recycling is reusing materials or products in original or changed forms rather than discarding them as wastes.Aluminum is the most common material that is recycled in this economy. Recycling aluminum creates more jobs, helps the environment, and saves natural resources. For example, aluminum cans get recycled the most. Mostly for the money people could receive back. Also, beer bottle caps can be recycled and could be made into something different, such as it being turned into a decoration or even used for a project. Paper is the second most common material that is recycled. Making paper from recycled pa per uses less energy than making paper from trees. For example, everyone receives newspapers in the morning.Instead of throwing it into the trashcan, he or she could recycle it. Books are another example of paper that can be recycled. Used books that can no longer be used could be shredded and recycled. Recycling is the most important out of the three R’s. Although reducing, reusing, and recycling are important, many people do not believe that they help save the earth’s resources. They are sadly mistaken because they help use less, reduce waste, and reduce pollution into the air. This helps prevent global warming. The three r’s all help conserve energy within the world.

Animal Farm. Snowball

Snowball Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball. As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force.Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts.Boxer The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naive trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites.Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. I t may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together. Napoleon From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to he formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private army or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others.Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during-the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-eighteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted.It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms.

Parent-Child Relationship

The topic I have choose for my paper is that of relationship between parents and children. Some of the points that I will be discussing are child abuse, child neglect and how it can affect a child and the relationship with the parents. A parent-child relationship is a special relationship that has a huge effect on the way that the child will turn out. This relationship is formed through pregnancy, adoption, and step parenting. Parenting requires a great deal of adaptation. The parents want to develop a strong bond with their child but they also want to maintain a healthy marital relationship and adult friendships. Potential parents often ask themselves what they will be like when they are parents and try to recall some experiences when they were children. Mothers are the primary caretakers of the children. The fathers have had minimal care taking responsibilities. Many women, if they had a career before hand, have to give it up to stay at home with the child. Although, many fathers where the wives must work become important in the process of care taking because their role must increase to their children. Studies of human fathers and their infants confirm that many fathers can act sensitively with their infant (according to Parke & Sawin, 1980) and their infants form attachments to both their mothers and fathers at roughly the same age (according to Lamb, 1977). A number of studies have been done on the caretaker’s effects on the child and suggests that the effects may have been caused by child’s behavior as much as by the caretaker’s (according to Bell 1979). The child’s aggression level can be affected by the parent’s authoritarian discipline. â€Å"Parents differ widely in sensing the needs of their infants. Some parents are able to quickly notice their child’s moods and periods of distress, this is called synchrony, and they then comfort their child’s needs. Another way that parents react may be slow or they may not even notice a need for action. That is called asynchrony†(according to Schaffer, 1977). In 1978 a group of researchers in infant development at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that mothers’ synchrony with their infants’ needs prompts physiological responses. The infant’s temperament may partially stem from the way in which the mother handles the child. The child is affected by the way that they are treated even when they are infants. Frank Perderson and his colleagues in 1977 conducted research on what the link was between spouse relationship and parent-infant relationship. â€Å"Perderson and his colleagues believed that the three units of interaction (mother-father, mother-child, father-child) are interrelated† (according to Perderson 1977). This showed that when the wife and husband showed positive interaction towards each other (smiling and affection) they then would show their infant affection. When there was negative interaction between the wife and husband (verbal critic and blame) it was strongly linked to negative affection shown to the infant by the father. A form of negative interaction by a parent with their child is child neglect. Child neglect is when the parent of the child fails to meet the child’s basic physical or psychological needs. Child neglect is the most common and most destructive form of child maltreatment. Child Neglect can occur in any family, rich or poor, but neglectful parents tend to have little education, money, few friends, and many children. Neglect can take many forms, such as inadequate clothing, shelter, or medical care. The three most harmful forms of child neglect are inadequate food (nutrition), safety and love. (According to the Encyclopedia of Psychology) Inadequate Food (nutrition): This is the most basic form of physical neglect. In North America more infants die starving to death then dieing by brutality. Improper feeding doesn’t just have to be starving to death, it can also what the child eats and what the parents allow their child to eat. Feeding a child improperly may also result in obesity, which can cause severe damage of a child’s ego in middle childhood. Safety: Inadequate supervision and precaution are examples of child neglect, and are present in ninety percent (90%) of the serious accidents that happen to children. â€Å"In North America more children die of accidents than the next six causes of childhood death combined† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). This is not to say that parental neglect is the only causes of childhood accidents Love: Older children are able to meet their own needs for nourishment and safety. Every child, no matter what their age, needs the love of their parents. Like John Lennon of the Beatles said â€Å" All you need is love†. Although parents may meet their child’s physical needs but miss their psychological needs. Parental love takes on different forms. â€Å"The first year one-on-one interaction with a caretaker is important. The second year encouragement of exploration and language is vital. In early childhood cognitive development should be simulated. In middle childhood school achievement and friendships should be fostered. In adolescence growing independence must be balanced by continued evidence of parental concern† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Baucum). It is the parents’ job to supply those materials until the child is grown and is capable to supply himself/herself with these materials of life. Love has to always be present by the parents even until their dying days. Another form of negative interaction between a parents and their child is child abuse. â€Å"Child Abuse is defined as the non accidental injury of children by their parent or guardian† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Vacuum). Child abuse can be either mental or physical. The way Americans approach child abuse has followed the shifting history of social values and attitudes toward children. Child abuse is a big obstacle in the relationship between a parent and their child. Child abuse is a major form of negative interaction between a parents and their child. Sexual abuse is in it’s own separate area which deserves attention in it’s own right. Sexual abuse can take place with or without other physical abuse or neglect. The majority of physical abuse requires no medical treatment and fewer that one percent (1%) receive fatal injuries. â€Å"Studies find boys to be more frequently abused physically than girls until adolescence, then with the inclusion of sexual abuse, girls are more frequently abused† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). Most parents who abuse their child carry no serious psychiatric diagnosis, but they do often have difficulty with social relationships. The parents also have a problem with controlling their temper and impulsive behavior, which becomes violent. Most of these parents don’t experience considerable stress from their environment, but have difficulty dealing with stress through appropriate behavior. Negative interaction in the parent/child relationship can cause behavior disorders in the child. Alcoholism, hostility, cruelty, neglect, overprotection of the child or excessive ambitions for the child are disruptive actions that may lead to behavior disorders. Child psychiatry is a way to help the problems in the relationship between the parent/child. Children watch their parents closely and are sensitive to their moods and actions. They are like this because they know that their care and well being rest solely in the hands of their parents. The key relationship in any two-part family is the parental relationship. Children’s knowledge of how they are supposed to treat each other, is reflected mainly upon their observations of how their parents treat each other and other people. Parent/child relationship is important because they provide the main context in how they are to be social. The parent/child relationship is important because it allows the child to learn from his/her parents. Good, loving parents will help to develop a better child. A good relationship will allow for good friendships later in life and also a good upbringing. Parent-Child Relationship The topic I have choose for my paper is that of relationship between parents and children. Some of the points that I will be discussing are child abuse, child neglect and how it can affect a child and the relationship with the parents. A parent-child relationship is a special relationship that has a huge effect on the way that the child will turn out. This relationship is formed through pregnancy, adoption, and step parenting. Parenting requires a great deal of adaptation. The parents want to develop a strong bond with their child but they also want to maintain a healthy marital relationship and adult friendships. Potential parents often ask themselves what they will be like when they are parents and try to recall some experiences when they were children. Mothers are the primary caretakers of the children. The fathers have had minimal care taking responsibilities. Many women, if they had a career before hand, have to give it up to stay at home with the child. Although, many fathers where the wives must work become important in the process of care taking because their role must increase to their children. Studies of human fathers and their infants confirm that many fathers can act sensitively with their infant (according to Parke & Sawin, 1980) and their infants form attachments to both their mothers and fathers at roughly the same age (according to Lamb, 1977). A number of studies have been done on the caretaker’s effects on the child and suggests that the effects may have been caused by child’s behavior as much as by the caretaker’s (according to Bell 1979). The child’s aggression level can be affected by the parent’s authoritarian discipline. â€Å"Parents differ widely in sensing the needs of their infants. Some parents are able to quickly notice their child’s moods and periods of distress, this is called synchrony, and they then comfort their child’s needs. Another way that parents react may be slow or they may not even notice a need for action. That is called asynchrony†(according to Schaffer, 1977). In 1978 a group of researchers in infant development at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that mothers’ synchrony with their infants’ needs prompts physiological responses. The infant’s temperament may partially stem from the way in which the mother handles the child. The child is affected by the way that they are treated even when they are infants. Frank Perderson and his colleagues in 1977 conducted research on what the link was between spouse relationship and parent-infant relationship. â€Å"Perderson and his colleagues believed that the three units of interaction (mother-father, mother-child, father-child) are interrelated† (according to Perderson 1977). This showed that when the wife and husband showed positive interaction towards each other (smiling and affection) they then would show their infant affection. When there was negative interaction between the wife and husband (verbal critic and blame) it was strongly linked to negative affection shown to the infant by the father. A form of negative interaction by a parent with their child is child neglect. Child neglect is when the parent of the child fails to meet the child’s basic physical or psychological needs. Child neglect is the most common and most destructive form of child maltreatment. Child Neglect can occur in any family, rich or poor, but neglectful parents tend to have little education, money, few friends, and many children. Neglect can take many forms, such as inadequate clothing, shelter, or medical care. The three most harmful forms of child neglect are inadequate food (nutrition), safety and love. (According to the Encyclopedia of Psychology) Inadequate Food (nutrition): This is the most basic form of physical neglect. In North America more infants die starving to death then dieing by brutality. Improper feeding doesn’t just have to be starving to death, it can also what the child eats and what the parents allow their child to eat. Feeding a child improperly may also result in obesity, which can cause severe damage of a child’s ego in middle childhood. Safety: Inadequate supervision and precaution are examples of child neglect, and are present in ninety percent (90%) of the serious accidents that happen to children. â€Å"In North America more children die of accidents than the next six causes of childhood death combined† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). This is not to say that parental neglect is the only causes of childhood accidents Love: Older children are able to meet their own needs for nourishment and safety. Every child, no matter what their age, needs the love of their parents. Like John Lennon of the Beatles said â€Å" All you need is love†. Although parents may meet their child’s physical needs but miss their psychological needs. Parental love takes on different forms. â€Å"The first year one-on-one interaction with a caretaker is important. The second year encouragement of exploration and language is vital. In early childhood cognitive development should be simulated. In middle childhood school achievement and friendships should be fostered. In adolescence growing independence must be balanced by continued evidence of parental concern† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Baucum). It is the parents’ job to supply those materials until the child is grown and is capable to supply himself/herself with these materials of life. Love has to always be present by the parents even until their dying days. Another form of negative interaction between a parents and their child is child abuse. â€Å"Child Abuse is defined as the non accidental injury of children by their parent or guardian† (according to â€Å"Psychology† by Don Vacuum). Child abuse can be either mental or physical. The way Americans approach child abuse has followed the shifting history of social values and attitudes toward children. Child abuse is a big obstacle in the relationship between a parent and their child. Child abuse is a major form of negative interaction between a parents and their child. Sexual abuse is in it’s own separate area which deserves attention in it’s own right. Sexual abuse can take place with or without other physical abuse or neglect. The majority of physical abuse requires no medical treatment and fewer that one percent (1%) receive fatal injuries. â€Å"Studies find boys to be more frequently abused physically than girls until adolescence, then with the inclusion of sexual abuse, girls are more frequently abused† (according to the Encyclopedia of Psychology). Most parents who abuse their child carry no serious psychiatric diagnosis, but they do often have difficulty with social relationships. The parents also have a problem with controlling their temper and impulsive behavior, which becomes violent. Most of these parents don’t experience considerable stress from their environment, but have difficulty dealing with stress through appropriate behavior. Negative interaction in the parent/child relationship can cause behavior disorders in the child. Alcoholism, hostility, cruelty, neglect, overprotection of the child or excessive ambitions for the child are disruptive actions that may lead to behavior disorders. Child psychiatry is a way to help the problems in the relationship between the parent/child. Children watch their parents closely and are sensitive to their moods and actions. They are like this because they know that their care and well being rest solely in the hands of their parents. The key relationship in any two-part family is the parental relationship. Children’s knowledge of how they are supposed to treat each other, is reflected mainly upon their observations of how their parents treat each other and other people. Parent/child relationship is important because they provide the main context in how they are to be social. The parent/child relationship is important because it allows the child to learn from his/her parents. Good, loving parents will help to develop a better child. A good relationship will allow for good friendships later in life and also a good upbringing.